A health worker wears protective suit at the infectious disease clinic in Zagreb, Croatia, where the first coronavirus case in Croatia is hospitalized, . Croatia confirmed its first case of coronavirus in a man who had been to Milan, the capital of Lombardy, Italy
Virus Outbreak, Zagreb, Croatia – 25 Feb 2020
Since coronavirus was first detected in Wuhan, China on December 31, 2019, it has taken over headlines. And with all the news we keep reading about the infection, sometimes it seems as though it’s taken over the world.
It hasn’t — yet. That’s why as of now, COVID-19 (the official name for this outbreak) hasn’t been categorized as a pandemic. It’s still an epidemic. That all may seem like semantics, but there’s a very important distinction between the two terms.
What is a pandemic?
A pandemic is defined as the worldwide spread of a new disease, according to the World Health Organization. The word is often used when talking about the flu; an influenza pandemic occurs when “a new influenza virus emerges and spreads around the world, and most people do not have immunity,” the WHO says. An influenza pandemic, then, is different from a recurrence of the seasonal flu.
Past pandemics have typically originated from animal influenza viruses, the organization states. The most recent pandemic we’ve experienced was the H1N1 virus, more commonly known as swine flu, back in 2009.
What’s the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic?
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says that an epidemic is “an increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area.” Right now, the COVID-19 outbreak is classified as an epidemic.
Another way to think about it is that a pandemic is “an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, affecting a large number of people,” the CDC says.
Why is the coronavirus not a pandemic?
The missing factor that’s keeping coronavirus from being classified as a pandemic is location. “For the moment, we are not witnessing the uncontained global spread of this virus, and we are not witnessing large-scale, severe disease or death,” Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, director general of the WHO, said in a news conference on February 24, according to USA Today. “Does this virus have pandemic potential? Absolutely. Are we there yet? From our assessment, not yet.”
In China, there have been over 77,000 confirmed cases of coronavirus with 2,666 deaths as of February 24, according to the WHO. Outside of China, though, those numbers are much smaller. In other countries — including Japan and Italy — there have been 2,459 confirmed cases and 34 deaths.
If coronavirus is declared a pandemic, what should we do?
There will be more information available if it happens. But Nigel McMillan, director of infectious diseases and immunology at the Menzies Health Institute in Queensland, stresses the importance of keeping a level head.
“We don’t wish to induce panic food or petrol stockpiling, when for 95% of the population, this will be a mild cold,” said McMillan, according to The Guardian.
But, he said, some extra precautions will be necessary. “This includes preparing our hospitals for a large influx of patients, stockpiling any antivirals, and advising the public that when the time comes, they will need to think about things like staying at home if ill, social distancing, avoiding large gatherings, etc,” McMillan said.
How close are we to a pandemic?
It’s impossible to say for sure. Right now, the bulk of the infections are located in China. To become a pandemic, the virus would have to break out in different countries and more parts of the world. We hope it doesn’t progress that far.
But according to experts affiliated with the CDC, it’s very possible that coronavirus’s reach will continue to expand. “We expect we will see community spread in [the U.S.],” said Nancy Messonnier, director of the National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases at the CDC, according to the Wall Street Journal. “It’s more of a question of when.”
Anne Schuchat, principal deputy director of the CDC, echoed that statement in a new report. “Current global circumstances suggest it’s likely this virus will cause a pandemic,” Schuchat said, according to CNBC. “It’s not so much a question of if this will happen any more, but rather more a question of when this will happen and how many people in this country will become infected and how many of those will develop severe or more complicated disease,” she added.
A vaccine for COVID-19 will likely be ready in 18 months, according to the WHO.
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